What classification of window has one or more sashes that swing outward and hinge at the top?

The classification of a window that has one or more sashes that swing outward and hinge at the top is called an awning window. Awning windows are designed to open outward from the bottom, allowing fresh air to enter while providing protection from rain. This feature is particularly useful in climates where rain is prevalent, as the overhanging sash creates an awning effect that keeps the rain out when the window is opened.

In contrast, a hopper window is characterized by its design to swing inward from the top, which is the opposite movement of an awning window. Pivoting windows are designed to rotate on a central axis, while projecting windows (which include casement windows) swing open outward but typically hinge on one side and do not have the same top-hinge configuration as awning windows. Hence, the unique characteristics of awning windows define their function and design, making them effective for ventilation and weather protection.